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Cells, the microscopic building blocks of the human body, operate like a sophisticated symphony orchestra, finely orchestrating numerous life processes. In this diminutive yet intricate world, ribosomes function as conductors, guiding the synthesis of proteins—the essential constituents of life. However, disruptions in ribosomal function are frequently linked to cellular dysfunction, intimately intertwining them with the onset and progression of various diseases. Anomalies in cellular ribosomes have a close correlation with seve... more

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), particularly exosomes, represent a crucial subgroup in cellular communication. First proposed by Johnstone et al. in 1983 during the study of erythrocyte differentiation, exosomes were officially identified in 1987 through ultracentrifugation. These membrane-bound small bodies, released from cells through the fusion of multivesicular bodies with the cell membrane, range in diameter from 40 nm to 100 nm. Exosomes display diverse shapes, including flat or spherical bodies, some exhibiting a cup-shaped morp... more

In cancer immunotherapy, the spotlight has fallen on STING as a pivotal target of recent interest. Biopharmaceutical companies worldwide are vigorously developing innovative therapies targeting STING with the goal of activating immune pathways to combat cancer cells. While these STING agonists have demonstrated promise in preclinical studies, a perplexing phenomenon has emerged in certain clinical trials. Contrary to expectations, drugs designed to activate the STING pathway have not consistently yielded the desired be... more