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Sodium Triacetoxyborohydride

Sodium triacetoxyborohydride (STAB) is a selective reducing agent commonly used in organic synthesis, particularly for the reductive amination of aldehydes and ketones with amines. It is milder than other reducing agents like sodium borohydride (NaBH₄) and is often preferred due to its selectivity and tolerance of a wide range of functional groups.

Chemical Structure and Properties

Chemical Name: Sodium triacetoxyborohydride
Molecular Formula: C₆H₁₀BNaO₆
Molecular Weight: 211.95 g/mol
CAS Number: 56553-60-7

Physical Properties:

PropertyDescriptionAppearanceWhite to off-white crystalline powderSolubilitySoluble in acetonitrile, DMF, DCM; reacts with waterMelting Point116-120°CStabilityStable under dry conditions, decomposes in moist environmentsStorage ConditionsStore in a cool, dry place away from moisture

Sodium triacetoxyborohydride is composed of a borohydride (BH₄) core stabilized by three acetoxy groups (-OCOCH₃), which reduce its reactivity compared to sodium borohydride. This modification allows the reagent to be more selective, especially in the presence of aldehydes, amines, and ketones.

Synthesis

Sodium triacetoxyborohydride is typically synthesized by reacting sodium borohydride (NaBH₄) with acetic acid or acetyl chloride. The reaction leads to the formation of the acetoxy groups that modify the borohydride, making it less reactive but still effective in selective reductions.

Key Applications

1. Reductive Amination: Sodium triacetoxyborohydride is predominantly used in reductive amination, a widely used method to form secondary and tertiary amines. In this reaction, an aldehyde or ketone reacts with a primary or secondary amine to form an imine intermediate, which is then reduced to form the desired amine.

   Reaction Example: $\text{Aldehyde/Ketone}+\text{Amine}+\text{Sodium triacetoxyborohydride}\to \text{Amine}$

   The mildness of STAB ensures that the imine is selectively reduced without over-reducing other functional groups, making it ideal for sensitive or complex molecules.

2. Selective Reduction of Imine and Iminium Ions: STAB is also widely used for the reduction of imines or iminium ions that are formed in situ during reactions. The reagent is preferred due to its selectivity in these reductions, avoiding the reduction of carbonyl compounds or esters that may be present in the molecule.

3. Mild Reducing Agent: Compared to sodium borohydride or lithium aluminum hydride, STAB is much milder and therefore allows for selective reduction in the presence of various functional groups. It does not reduce esters, carboxylic acids, or amides, making it highly selective for aldehydes and ketones when other sensitive functional groups are present.

4. Used in Drug Synthesis: Sodium triacetoxyborohydride is commonly used in the pharmaceutical industry for the synthesis of complex molecules, particularly in the development of amine-containing drugs. Its selectivity and ability to work under mild conditions make it a valuable reagent in medicinal chemistry.

Sodium Triacetoxyborohydride

Sodium triacetoxyborohydride (STAB) is a selective reducing agent commonly used in organic synthesis, particularly for the reductive amination of aldehydes and ketones with amines. It is milder than other reducing agents like sodium borohydride (NaBH₄) and is often preferred due to its selectivity and tolerance of a wide range of functional groups.

Chemical Structure and Properties

Chemical Name: Sodium triacetoxyborohydride
Molecular Formula: C₆H₁₀BNaO₆
Molecular Weight: 211.95 g/mol
CAS Number: 56553-60-7

Physical Properties:

PropertyDescriptionAppearanceWhite to off-white crystalline powderSolubilitySoluble in acetonitrile, DMF, DCM; reacts with waterMelting Point116-120°CStabilityStable under dry conditions, decomposes in moist environmentsStorage ConditionsStore in a cool, dry place away from moisture

Sodium triacetoxyborohydride is composed of a borohydride (BH₄) core stabilized by three acetoxy groups (-OCOCH₃), which reduce its reactivity compared to sodium borohydride. This modification allows the reagent to be more selective, especially in the presence of aldehydes, amines, and ketones.

Synthesis

Sodium triacetoxyborohydride is typically synthesized by reacting sodium borohydride (NaBH₄) with acetic acid or acetyl chloride. The reaction leads to the formation of the acetoxy groups that modify the borohydride, making it less reactive but still effective in selective reductions.

Key Applications

1. Reductive Amination: Sodium triacetoxyborohydride is predominantly used in reductive amination, a widely used method to form secondary and tertiary amines. In this reaction, an aldehyde or ketone reacts with a primary or secondary amine to form an imine intermediate, which is then reduced to form the desired amine.

   Reaction Example: $\text{Aldehyde/Ketone}+\text{Amine}+\text{Sodium triacetoxyborohydride}\to \text{Amine}$

   The mildness of STAB ensures that the imine is selectively reduced without over-reducing other functional groups, making it ideal for sensitive or complex molecules.

2. Selective Reduction of Imine and Iminium Ions: STAB is also widely used for the reduction of imines or iminium ions that are formed in situ during reactions. The reagent is preferred due to its selectivity in these reductions, avoiding the reduction of carbonyl compounds or esters that may be present in the molecule.

3. Mild Reducing Agent: Compared to sodium borohydride or lithium aluminum hydride, STAB is much milder and therefore allows for selective reduction in the presence of various functional groups. It does not reduce esters, carboxylic acids, or amides, making it highly selective for aldehydes and ketones when other sensitive functional groups are present.

4. Used in Drug Synthesis: Sodium triacetoxyborohydride is commonly used in the pharmaceutical industry for the synthesis of complex molecules, particularly in the development of amine-containing drugs. Its selectivity and ability to work under mild conditions make it a valuable reagent in medicinal chemistry.

Mechanism of Reductive Amination

The reductive amination process with STAB follows these steps:

1. Formation of the Imine:
   The aldehyde or ketone reacts with the amine to form an imine intermediate. In some cases, the imine can exist as an iminium ion, depending on the reaction conditions.

2. Reduction:
   Sodium triacetoxyborohydride selectively reduces the imine or iminium ion to produce the amine. The acetoxyborohydride reacts with the imine to transfer hydride ions, facilitating the reduction.

The reaction is typically carried out in non-protic solvents like dichloromethane (DCM) or acetonitrile to prevent the decomposition of STAB, as it is sensitive to moisture and reacts with water.

Advantages of Sodium Triacetoxyborohydride

1. Selective and Mild:
   STAB is much more selective and milder than other reducing agents like sodium borohydride, lithium aluminum hydride, or even sodium cyanoborohydride. This makes it ideal for sensitive substrates where side reactions must be minimized.

2. No Cyanide Toxicity:
   Unlike sodium cyanoborohydride, STAB is a safer alternative, as it does not release toxic cyanide ions. This is particularly advantageous in large-scale industrial applications.

3. Tolerates Functional Groups:
   STAB selectively reduces imines without affecting other functional groups like esters, carboxylic acids, or amides, providing a high level of control in complex organic syntheses.

Sodium Triacetoxyborohydride

Sodium triacetoxyborohydride (STAB) is a selective reducing agent commonly used in organic synthesis, particularly for the reductive amination of aldehydes and ketones with amines. It is milder than other reducing agents like sodium borohydride (NaBH₄) and is often preferred due to its selectivity and tolerance of a wide range of functional groups.

Chemical Structure and Properties

Chemical Name: Sodium triacetoxyborohydride
Molecular Formula: C₆H₁₀BNaO₆
Molecular Weight: 211.95 g/mol
CAS Number: 56553-60-7

Physical Properties:

PropertyDescriptionAppearanceWhite to off-white crystalline powderSolubilitySoluble in acetonitrile, DMF, DCM; reacts with waterMelting Point116-120°CStabilityStable under dry conditions, decomposes in moist environmentsStorage ConditionsStore in a cool, dry place away from moisture

Sodium triacetoxyborohydride is composed of a borohydride (BH₄) core stabilized by three acetoxy groups (-OCOCH₃), which reduce its reactivity compared to sodium borohydride. This modification allows the reagent to be more selective, especially in the presence of aldehydes, amines, and ketones.

Synthesis

Sodium triacetoxyborohydride is typically synthesized by reacting sodium borohydride (NaBH₄) with acetic acid or acetyl chloride. The reaction leads to the formation of the acetoxy groups that modify the borohydride, making it less reactive but still effective in selective reductions.

Key Applications

1. Reductive Amination: Sodium triacetoxyborohydride is predominantly used in reductive amination, a widely used method to form secondary and tertiary amines. In this reaction, an aldehyde or ketone reacts with a primary or secondary amine to form an imine intermediate, which is then reduced to form the desired amine.

   Reaction Example: $\text{Aldehyde/Ketone}+\text{Amine}+\text{Sodium triacetoxyborohydride}\to \text{Amine}$

   The mildness of STAB ensures that the imine is selectively reduced without over-reducing other functional groups, making it ideal for sensitive or complex molecules.

2. Selective Reduction of Imine and Iminium Ions: STAB is also widely used for the reduction of imines or iminium ions that are formed in situ during reactions. The reagent is preferred due to its selectivity in these reductions, avoiding the reduction of carbonyl compounds or esters that may be present in the molecule.

3. Mild Reducing Agent: Compared to sodium borohydride or lithium aluminum hydride, STAB is much milder and therefore allows for selective reduction in the presence of various functional groups. It does not reduce esters, carboxylic acids, or amides, making it highly selective for aldehydes and ketones when other sensitive functional groups are present.

4. Used in Drug Synthesis: Sodium triacetoxyborohydride is commonly used in the pharmaceutical industry for the synthesis of complex molecules, particularly in the development of amine-containing drugs. Its selectivity and ability to work under mild conditions make it a valuable reagent in medicinal chemistry.

Sodium Triacetoxyborohydride

Sodium triacetoxyborohydride (STAB) is a selective reducing agent commonly used in organic synthesis, particularly for the reductive amination of aldehydes and ketones with amines. It is milder than other reducing agents like sodium borohydride (NaBH₄) and is often preferred due to its selectivity and tolerance of a wide range of functional groups.

Chemical Structure and Properties

Chemical Name: Sodium triacetoxyborohydride
Molecular Formula: C₆H₁₀BNaO₆
Molecular Weight: 211.95 g/mol
CAS Number: 56553-60-7

Physical Properties:

PropertyDescriptionAppearanceWhite to off-white crystalline powderSolubilitySoluble in acetonitrile, DMF, DCM; reacts with waterMelting Point116-120°CStabilityStable under dry conditions, decomposes in moist environmentsStorage ConditionsStore in a cool, dry place away from moisture

Sodium triacetoxyborohydride is composed of a borohydride (BH₄) core stabilized by three acetoxy groups (-OCOCH₃), which reduce its reactivity compared to sodium borohydride. This modification allows the reagent to be more selective, especially in the presence of aldehydes, amines, and ketones.

Synthesis

Sodium triacetoxyborohydride is typically synthesized by reacting sodium borohydride (NaBH₄) with acetic acid or acetyl chloride. The reaction leads to the formation of the acetoxy groups that modify the borohydride, making it less reactive but still effective in selective reductions.

Key Applications

1. Reductive Amination: Sodium triacetoxyborohydride is predominantly used in reductive amination, a widely used method to form secondary and tertiary amines. In this reaction, an aldehyde or ketone reacts with a primary or secondary amine to form an imine intermediate, which is then reduced to form the desired amine.

   Reaction Example: $\text{Aldehyde/Ketone}+\text{Amine}+\text{Sodium triacetoxyborohydride}\to \text{Amine}$

   The mildness of STAB ensures that the imine is selectively reduced without over-reducing other functional groups, making it ideal for sensitive or complex molecules.

2. Selective Reduction of Imine and Iminium Ions: STAB is also widely used for the reduction of imines or iminium ions that are formed in situ during reactions. The reagent is preferred due to its selectivity in these reductions, avoiding the reduction of carbonyl compounds or esters that may be present in the molecule.

3. Mild Reducing Agent: Compared to sodium borohydride or lithium aluminum hydride, STAB is much milder and therefore allows for selective reduction in the presence of various functional groups. It does not reduce esters, carboxylic acids, or amides, making it highly selective for aldehydes and ketones when other sensitive functional groups are present.

4. Used in Drug Synthesis: Sodium triacetoxyborohydride is commonly used in the pharmaceutical industry for the synthesis of complex molecules, particularly in the development of amine-containing drugs. Its selectivity and ability to work under mild conditions make it a valuable reagent in medicinal chemistry.

Mechanism of Reductive Amination

The reductive amination process with STAB follows these steps:

1. Formation of the Imine:
   The aldehyde or ketone reacts with the amine to form an imine intermediate. In some cases, the imine can exist as an iminium ion, depending on the reaction conditions.

2. Reduction:
   Sodium triacetoxyborohydride selectively reduces the imine or iminium ion to produce the amine. The acetoxyborohydride reacts with the imine to transfer hydride ions, facilitating the reduction.

The reaction is typically carried out in non-protic solvents like dichloromethane (DCM) or acetonitrile to prevent the decomposition of STAB, as it is sensitive to moisture and reacts with water.

Advantages of Sodium Triacetoxyborohydride

1. Selective and Mild:
   STAB is much more selective and milder than other reducing agents like sodium borohydride, lithium aluminum hydride, or even sodium cyanoborohydride. This makes it ideal for sensitive substrates where side reactions must be minimized.

2. No Cyanide Toxicity:
   Unlike sodium cyanoborohydride, STAB is a safer alternative, as it does not release toxic cyanide ions. This is particularly advantageous in large-scale industrial applications.

3. Tolerates Functional Groups:
   STAB selectively reduces imines without affecting other functional groups like esters, carboxylic acids, or amides, providing a high level of control in complex organic syntheses.

Safety and Handling

Sodium triacetoxyborohydride should be handled with care due to its sensitivity to moisture and potential irritant properties. It reacts with water to produce hydrogen gas, which can pose a fire hazard. Proper protective equipment, such as gloves, goggles, and working under a fume hood, is recommended when handling this reagent.

Key safety measures include:

• Store in a tightly sealed container in a dry environment.
• Avoid exposure to moisture, as the compound will decompose and lose effectiveness.
• Handle in a fume hood to avoid inhaling dust or vapors.
• Use appropriate PPE, including gloves, safety goggles, and lab coats.

Environmental Considerations

Waste containing sodium triacetoxyborohydride should be neutralized and disposed of in accordance with local regulations. Care should be taken to avoid releasing this reagent into the environment, as it can pose hazards if not properly handled.

Conclusion

Sodium triacetoxyborohydride is a highly useful reagent in organic synthesis due to its selectivity and ability to perform reductive amination under mild conditions. Its widespread application in pharmaceuticals and fine chemicals highlights its importance as a versatile tool in modern chemistry. Careful handling and storage are necessary to ensure its effectiveness, especially due to its sensitivity to moisture.

bromoacetonitrile manufacturers: An Overview

Bromoacetonitrile is an organobromine compound with the chemical formula C₂H₂BrN. It is a volatile and reactive chemical that plays an important role as an intermediate in organic synthesis, particularly in the preparation of pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and other fine chemicals.

Chemical Structure and Properties

Chemical Name: Bromoacetonitrile
Molecular Formula: C₂H₂BrN
Molecular Weight: 118.95 g/mol
CAS Number: 590-17-0

Physical Properties:

PropertyDescriptionAppearanceColorless to pale yellow liquidMelting Point-58°CBoiling Point102-104°CDensity1.616 g/cm³Solubility in WaterReacts with waterSolubility in Organic SolventsSoluble in solvents like ethanol, ether, and acetone

Bromoacetonitrile consists of a bromo group (-Br) attached to a carbon atom, which is also part of a nitrile group (-CN). This simple two-carbon structure makes the compound highly reactive, especially due to the presence of the electron-withdrawing nitrile group and the electron-attracting bromine atom.

Synthesis

Bromoacetonitrile can be synthesized through the bromination of acetonitrile, usually involving bromine (Br₂) or a bromine source in the presence of catalysts. The reaction occurs at the methylene group (CH₂) adjacent to the nitrile, introducing a bromine atom into the molecule.

Applications

1. Pharmaceutical Industry:
   Bromoacetonitrile is used as an intermediate in the synthesis of various pharmaceutical compounds. It provides a reactive platform that can undergo further chemical transformations to introduce more complex molecular structures in drug development. For instance, it can be used in alkylation reactions or to introduce nitrile functionalities into drug candidates.

2. Agrochemicals:
   In the agrochemical industry, bromoacetonitrile is employed in the synthesis of herbicides, fungicides, and pesticides. The reactivity of the nitrile and bromine groups makes it a valuable precursor for creating bioactive molecules that can protect crops from pests and diseases.

3. Organic Synthesis:
   Bromoacetonitrile serves as a versatile reagent in organic synthesis. Its dual functional groups (bromo and nitrile) enable it to participate in various chemical reactions, including nucleophilic substitution and addition reactions. It can be used to introduce nitriles or bromoalkyl groups into organic molecules.

4. Polymer Chemistry:
   Bromoacetonitrile can also be used in the functionalization of polymers, introducing reactive groups for further modification. It allows for the incorporation of nitrile groups into polymer backbones, which can be used to modify the physical properties of the material.

Reactions

Bromoacetonitrile can undergo several important reactions due to its dual functional groups:

• Nucleophilic Substitution:
  The bromine atom in bromoacetonitrile can be replaced by a nucleophile (such as an amine, thiol, or hydroxyl group), making it useful for creating various substituted acetonitrile derivatives.

• Hydrolysis:
  Bromoacetonitrile reacts with water to hydrolyze the nitrile group, yielding bromoacetamide or bromoacetic acid under acidic or basic conditions. This reaction is useful in generating carboxylic acid derivatives.

• Grignard Reaction:
  The nitrile group in bromoacetonitrile can react with Grignard reagents (organomagnesium halides), leading to the formation of ketones or other derivatives after subsequent hydrolysis.

Safety and Handling

Bromoacetonitrile is a hazardous substance and should be handled with caution. It is toxic if ingested, inhaled, or absorbed through the skin. Exposure to bromoacetonitrile can cause irritation to the respiratory system, skin, and eyes, and prolonged exposure can result in more severe health effects, including damage to the central nervous system.

6-bromo-2-napthol: An Overview

6-Bromo-2-naphthol is an organic compound that belongs to the class of brominated naphthols, which are derivatives of naphthalene. This compound is characterized by a naphthalene ring system with a hydroxyl group (-OH) at the second position and a bromine atom (Br) at the sixth position. The molecular formula for 6-bromo-2-naphthol is C₁₀H₇BrO, and it has a molar mass of 223.07 g/mol.

Chemical Structure and Properties

Chemical Name: 6-Bromo-2-naphthol
Molecular Formula: C₁₀H₇BrO
Molecular Weight: 223.07 g/mol
CAS Number: 6346-99-8

Physical Properties:

PropertyDescriptionAppearanceOff-white to pale yellow solidMelting Point139-142°CBoiling PointDecomposes before boilingSolubility in WaterSparingly solubleSolubility in Organic SolventsSoluble in organic solvents like ethanol, ether, and chloroform

6-Bromo-2-naphthol has a naphthalene backbone with a hydroxyl group at the 2-position and a bromine atom at the 6-position. This structural arrangement significantly influences the compound's chemical reactivity, making it useful in various organic syntheses.

6-bromo-2-napthol: An Overview

6-Bromo-2-naphthol is an organic compound that belongs to the class of brominated naphthols, which are derivatives of naphthalene. This compound is characterized by a naphthalene ring system with a hydroxyl group (-OH) at the second position and a bromine atom (Br) at the sixth position. The molecular formula for 6-bromo-2-naphthol is C₁₀H₇BrO, and it has a molar mass of 223.07 g/mol.

Chemical Structure and Properties

Chemical Name: 6-Bromo-2-naphthol
Molecular Formula: C₁₀H₇BrO
Molecular Weight: 223.07 g/mol
CAS Number: 6346-99-8

Physical Properties:

PropertyDescriptionAppearanceOff-white to pale yellow solidMelting Point139-142°CBoiling PointDecomposes before boilingSolubility in WaterSparingly solubleSolubility in Organic SolventsSoluble in organic solvents like ethanol, ether, and chloroform

6-Bromo-2-naphthol has a naphthalene backbone with a hydroxyl group at the 2-position and a bromine atom at the 6-position. This structural arrangement significantly influences the compound's chemical reactivity, making it useful in various organic syntheses.